With their unusual and fierce appearances, dragon looking fish capture the imaginations of fish lovers and myth lovers alike. If you’ve ever wondered what’s behind their legends and if they make good pets, you’ve come to the right place.
If you’re short on time, here’s a quick answer to your question: Dragon looking fish, also known as Asian arowana, are a popular aquarium fish known for their metallic scales and resemblance to the dragons of legend.
They are an aggressive predator that require large aquariums and can live 10-15 years with proper care.
In this comprehensive guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about dragon looking fish, including their origin, physical characteristics, temperament, tank requirements, diet, lifespan, breeding habits, and more.
Origin and History
Native Habitat and Endangered Status
The dragon-looking fish, also known as the Asian arowana, is native to the tropical freshwaters of Southeast Asia. Its natural habitat ranges from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand to as far north as Vietnam.
Known for its vibrant colors, large metallic scales and resemblance to the mythical Asian dragon, the arowana has held great cultural significance in this region for centuries.
However, due to overharvesting for the ornamental fish trade and habitat loss, Asian arowana populations in the wild have declined drastically since the late 20th century. The species is currently listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
Most countries have now banned its capture from natural sources. Today, arowanas found in the aquarium trade are almost exclusively captive-bred.
Significance in Asian Culture
The arowana has long been associated with prosperity, strength, protection and good fortune in Southeast Asian cultures. There are various folklore and beliefs around this fish.
In Chinese culture, the arowana is considered a symbol of abundance and success. It’s sometimes called the “dragon fish” due to its resemblance to the mythical Asian dragons that represent power and nobility.
The fish is especially treasured for being able to make high jumps from the water, seen as a sign of vibrant energy that brings good luck.
Similarly, in Vietnam and other Southeast Asian regions, the arowana is believed to bring luck and scare away evil spirits. Keeping an arowana at home or in businesses is thought to attract wealth and prosperity.
The red varieties which are the rarest and most vibrant in color are particularly prized.
Due to these auspicious associations, arowanas have become popular feng shui fish. Today, arowanas are among the most expensive aquarium fish in the world, with high-quality Asian specimens fetching up to $150,000.
Physical Features
Metallic Scales
Dragonfish have unique metallic-looking scales that give them their dragon-esque appearance. Their scales come in various colors like bright silver, iridescent gold, deep red, and even rainbow. The vivid colors are likely meant to attract prey in the dark depths of the ocean where dragonfish live.
The metallic sheen of the scales comes from guanine crystals present in the skin cells. Guanine gives the scales a reflective, armor-like look that resembles delicate metal craftsmanship when viewed under light.
Some species like the barbeled dragonfish have photophores (light-producing organs) underlying the guanine-laced scales.
Variations
There is great variation among the different species and genera when it comes to physical features of dragonfish. For example:
- Foo dragonfish have short, compressed bodies with large crescent-shaped mouths filled with pointed teeth.
- Bar dragonfish have tiny frames with loads of photophores running along their bellies.
- Zee dragonfish have elongate, slender bodies and dorsal fins that extend all the way to the ends of their tails.
Nonetheless, they all have those glittering, exotic scales in common!
Size
Dragonfish size differs significantly across the over 200 species. Some species like Aristostomias xenostoma are tiny, reaching only about 6 centimeters in length. Other larger monsters like Thaumatichthys binghami can extend over 61 cm long from mouth to tail.
| Species | Total Length |
|---|---|
| Noodle dragonfish | ~15 cm |
| Foo dragonfish | ~30 cm |
| Bar dragonfish | ~10 cm |
The dragonfish’s fierce teeth and large mouth also stand out as exceptional physical features. Their needle-like fangs allow them to easily capture agile prey like crustaceans and fish in the deep sea where food is scarce.
Temperament
Aggressive Nature
Dragon looking fish, with their fierce appearance, can exhibit aggressive territorial behaviors, especially during spawning seasons. The males become extremely protective of their nesting areas and will chase away perceived intruders with persistence.
Females also demonstrate aggression when guarding a brood of eggs.
These fish will often flare out their gill covers to appear more menacing. Combined with their spiny fins and large mouths of teeth, dragon looking fish can intimidate other tank inhabitants. New aquarists should take caution when selecting tankmates to avoid potential harm.
Territorial
Dragon looking fish stake out claims over hiding spots, spawning sites, and feeding areas in the aquarium. They can be highly possessive creatures who refuse to share resources. Without proper tank space and elements that provide visual barriers, confrontations are likely.
Territorial disputes will often result in nipped fins, damaged scales, infections, and even death if unable to escape aggression. Strategic decorations and larger tanks over 100 gallons can help diffuse the situation by providing more territories.
Interaction with Other Fish
Despite their sometimes aggressive reputation, dragon looking fish can integrate into community tanks if compatible tankmates are selected. Appropriate choices include similar-size fish that inhabit different areas of the tank, such as mid-level swimmers like giant danios, surface dwellers like hatchetfish, and bottom dwellers like plecostomus catfish.
Avoid pairing dragon looking fish with long-finned species, as their fins could become likely targets. Shrimps, snails, and other small creatures may also trigger prey drive. Never house dragon looking fish with docile species, as they tend to get stressed easily.
With extra diligence by providing hiding spots and removing aggressive individuals, community living can succeed and is preferred for the health and mental stimulation of the fish.
Tank Requirements
Tank Size
When it comes to housing dragon goby fish, bigger is always better. These fish are active swimmers that need plenty of room to dart around. Aim for a tank that’s at least 55 gallons, though 75-125 gallons is ideal.
The extra space allows you to add schools of fast-moving fish that dragon gobies can interact with. It also dilutes aggression during spawning periods.
Keep in mind that dragon gobies need open swimming space near the top and bottom of the tank. Avoid tall tanks that restrict horizontal swimming. Standard 55-75 gallon aquariums that are 48″ long work beautifully.
Water Conditions
Dragon gobies do best in soft, acidic water. The ideal parameters are:
- Temperature: 75°F – 82°F
- pH: 6.0 – 7.0
- KH: 3 – 8 dKH
Aim for the lower end of these ranges, as this matches their natural environment. Use peat, driftwood, and Indian almond leaves to naturally soften and acidify the water over time.
Dragon gobies are sensitive to nitrates. Keep levels below 20 ppm at all times through frequent water changes. They’re also prone to swim bladder disorders if the specific gravity is off.
Tank Setup
In the wild, dragon gobies live in rocky pools and fast-flowing streams. They spend equal time darting along the bottom and mid-water column.
To mimic this environment, use a fine sandy substrate and pile smooth rocks and driftwood at either end. Leave plenty of open swimming room in between. Moderate water flow and surface agitation is ideal.
Dragonfish gobies appreciate heavily planted tanks. Floating plants help dim the light, making these shy fish feel secure. Use leafy plants like Amazon swords along the bottom to break up lines of sight. Java moss and Java ferns clinging to hardscape provide additional cover.
Keep the tank relatively dark overall. Dragon gobies come from murky waters and prefer subdued lighting. Using a timer to create a dawn/dusk effect works well.
Diet
Food Types
Dragonfish enjoy a varied diet consisting of both meat and vegetation. Some favorite meat sources include small fish, shrimp, bloodworms, and brine shrimp. For vegetation, they relish snacks like zucchini, spinach, lettuce, and peas.
A balanced dragonfish diet should contain:
- 30-40% protein from meat sources
- 30% fibrous vegetables
- 30% other vegetables/fruits
High quality commercial dragonfish diets provide all the essential vitamins, minerals, and nutrients these fish need to stay happy and healthy. Top brands to consider are Mazuri, Repashy, and Hikari.
Feeding Schedule
In the wild, dragonfish forage for food throughout the day. In home aquariums, most owners feed them 2-3 small meals per day. This helps prevent overfeeding and maintains better water quality.
Here is a sample feeding schedule:
| Meal | Time | Food Amount |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8:00 am | 1-2 pellets or small pinch of other foods |
| 2 | 12:00 pm | 1-2 pellets or small pinch of other foods |
| 3 | 5:00 pm | 1-2 pellets or small pinch of other foods |
Pay attention to your dragonfish’s appetite and signs of overfeeding or underfeeding. Adjust amounts and frequency if needed to match the fish’s condition and energy levels.
Lifespan
The dragon goby, also known as the violet goby or dragonfish, can live for up to 5 years in captivity if properly cared for. Here’s an overview of their typical lifespan:
In the Wild
In their natural ocean habitats, dragon gobies generally live for 3-4 years. Their lifespan is influenced by various environmental factors:
- Predation – Dragonfish are preyed upon by larger carnivorous fish, which can cut their lives short.
- Food availability – Lack of food sources reduces their chance of survival.
- Water conditions – Changes in water temperature, acidity, pollution levels, etc. impact their health.
The dragon goby’s well-camouflaged body helps it avoid predators and ambush prey, contributing to its multi-year lifespan in the wild.
In Captivity
With proper aquarium care, dragonfish can live for 4-5 years in home aquariums. Key factors influencing their captive lifespan include:
- Tank size – Dragonfish need a minimum 30 gallon tank, bigger is better.
- Water quality – Excellent filtration and weekly water changes are vital.
- Diet – They require a varied diet of meaty foods like shrimp, fish, mussels.
- Tank mates – Peaceful tank mates prevent stress and aggression.
Providing the proper tank environment, nutrition, and care gives captive dragon gobies the best chance to survive several years. Their stunning colors and behaviors make them a rewarding fish for dedicated aquarists.
Breeding
Sexual Maturity
Most dragon-looking fish reach sexual maturity between 6-12 months of age. The specific age depends on factors like genetics, diet, and tank conditions. Some key signs that these fish are sexually mature include fuller body shape, brighter colors, and more territorial behaviors.
Males tend to mature a little faster than females. You may notice males chasing females around the tank or showing off their fins when trying to attract a mate. Females fill out in the belly when they have viable eggs.
An easy way to sex mature fish is to look for a pointed genital papilla (male) versus a rounded papilla (female).
Mating Behavior
Dragon-looking fish engage in elaborate mating rituals. Males entice females by flaring their fins, chasing, and nibbling. When the female is receptive, she will follow the male until they find a suitable spawning site like a cave or plant.
During spawning, the pair wraps their bodies around each other and the female releases up to 100 eggs. The male fertilizes them as they settle on surfaces. Parents do not care for eggs or fry after spawning is complete.
Raising Fry
The eggs hatch within 2-3 days. Fry are tiny and vulnerable at first, often hiding in plants and decor. They become free swimming within 5-7 days after hatching. Now is the time to start feeding fry small live foods like infusoria, micro worms, or powdered dry foods several times per day.
Growth is rapid if fry are fed high quality foods like live brine shrimp, microworms, and small crushed pellets. Within 3-4 weeks, juvenile fish will reach around 1⁄2 inch long. Sexual maturity comes within a few months under optimal conditions.
Raising dragon-looking fish fry takes dedication! Setting up a separate rearing tank helps maximize growth and survival rates. Maintain excellent water quality with frequent partial water changes. Dense plantings give protection while a sponge filter provides gentle current.
With attentive care, you can successfully breed these amazing fish!
Conclusion
With their regal appearance and connection to Asian mythology, it’s easy to see why dragon looking fish continue to fascinate aquarists around the world. By providing a large tank with clean water, a varied diet, and proper tank mates, these fish can thrive for over a decade in captivity.
Dragon looking fish require an experienced aquarist ready to provide specialized care. If you’re up for the challenge and want a truly unique freshwater fish, a dragon looking fish may be the perfect addition to your aquarium.
